The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on birding and birds in India

class: title-slide, middle, center, inverse

.title-slide h1 {
  font-size: 2.2em;
  color: var(--primary);
  margin-top: 3.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
}

.title-slide h2 {
  font-size: 1.5em;
  color: var(--secondary);
  /* text-shadow: 2px 1px 2px;*/ /* shadow for conference name */
  margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
}

.title-slide h3 {
  font-size: 1.2em;
  color: var(--main-text);
  line-height: 0.9;
  opacity: 70%;
}

</style>

div.instt-logo-bottomleft {
content: "";
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 15px;
    left:   350px;
    height: 80px;
    width: 240px;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-size: contain;
    background-image: url("pics/ncflogo.png");
}

div.instt-logo-bottomright {
content: "";
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 15px;
    right:   350px;
    height: 80px;
    width: 240px;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-size: contain;
    background-image: url("pics/bcilogo.png");
}

/*
div.image-left {
content: "";
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 250px;
    left:   100px;
    height: 15%;
    width: 15%;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-size: contain;
    background-image: url("pics/coronavirus.png");
}

div.image-right {
content: "";
position: absolute;
bottom: 150px;
right:   100px;
height: 15%;
width: 15%;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
background-image: url("pics/coronavirus.png");
} */

</style>

# The impact of the C![:scale 3%](pics/coronavirus.png)VID-19 pandemic on birding and birds in India

## International Ornithological Congress <br> 14&ndash;20 August 2022

### Karthik Thrikkadeeri &middot; Ashwin Viswanathan

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Introduction

---

class: inverse, center, middle
background-image: url("pics/global-covid.jpeg")
background-size: cover

---
class: middle

.pull-left[
<img src="pics/ind-restrictions-2.jpg" height=500px>  
]

.pull-right[
<img src="pics/ind-restrictions.jpg" height=500px>  
]

???
Physical but also psychological and social.
Loss of life, trade, industries, businesses, movement.
Humans lost interaction with other humans and nature.  
Everything went virtual/digital.
Changed how we consume information, learn, work, socialise, communicate.

---
class: center, middle

> # .fancy[Anthropause]
> ### .fancy[/anθrəpɔːz/]

> a considerable global slowing of modern human activities, notably travel
> <br>
> [.right[Rutz et al., 2020]](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1237-z)

---
class: center, middle

[![](pics/rutz.png)](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1237-z)

---
class: center, middle

[![](pics/bates.png)](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320720307230)

???
Shortcomings of traditional methods of data collection for scientific research---especially contingent on human circumstances. 
However, many of these pitfalls do not apply as strongly to (and hence can be overcome by using) large-scale, crowdsourced, open access data on a wide variety of metrics, from human traffic levels to species occurrence [@bates2020].

---
class: middle

.pull-left[
![:scale 90%](pics/citscibook.jpg)
]

???
Citizen science today is a research technique that engages volunteers from the general public---most of whom are not trained as scientists---in collecting and/or analysing and interpreting data as part of a scientific enquiry [@silvertown2009]. Most importantly, citizen science programmes facilitate attempts at answering large-scale questions that are otherwise not feasible [@macphail2020].

---
class: middle

.pull-left[
![:scale 90%](pics/citscibook.jpg)
]

.pull-right[
.center[
[![:scale 55%](pics/cbc.jpeg)](https://www.audubon.org/conservation/join-christmas-bird-count)
[![:scale 40%](pics/zooniverse.png)](https://www.zooniverse.org/)

<br>

[![:scale 65%](pics/inatlogo.png)](https://www.inaturalist.org/)

[![:scale 75%](pics/ebirdlogo.png)](https://ebird.org/)
]
]

---
class: middle

.pull-left[
![:scale 95%](pics/india-veg.jpg)
]

.pull-right[
![:scale 105%](pics/southasia-landcover.jpg)
]

---
class: middle
background-color: black

.pull-right[
![:scale 95%](pics/ind-coverage.png)
]

.grey {
  color: #D2D5DA;
}
</style>

.middle2[
.yellow[
362,747 locations  
1,954,724 lists  
1,803,095 hours  
30,564 people  
<br>
36 states/UTs  
635 districts  
<br>
1,352 species  
33 million observations
]

<br>

.smaller[.grey[
*Data until March 2022*
]]

]

---
class: center, middle
background-image: url("pics/soib-cover.jpg")
background-size: contain

![:scale 78%](pics/soib-example.png)

???
The quality and reliability of this data is highly contingent on the collectors, i.e., citizens.
Birder behaviour needs to be uniform and consistent.  
Thus, our primary concern now is whether or not the usefulness of such data has changed with the pandemic.

---
background-color: black

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Questions

---
class: middle

### Did eBirder behaviour change during the pandemic?

<br>

If so, how has it changed in terms of data quantity and quality?

What are the implications for usefulness of eBird data from the pandemic years?

<br>

### Was there a visible difference in patterns of species reporting?

???
Can this be attributed to changes in birder behaviour, or did birds truly modify their behaviour?

---
background-color: black

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-explore-1.png")
background-size: cover
class: no-page-number

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-explore-sa.png")
background-size: cover
class: no-page-number

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-explore-2.png")
background-size: cover
class: no-page-number

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-checklist.png")
background-size: contain
class: no-page-number

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-checklist-1.png")
background-size: contain
class: no-page-number

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-checklist-2.png")
background-size: contain
class: no-page-number

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-checklist-3.png")
background-size: contain
class: no-page-number

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-checklist-4.png")
background-size: contain
class: no-page-number

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-checklist-5.png")
background-size: contain
class: no-page-number

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-checklist-6.png")
background-size: contain
class: no-page-number

---
background-image: url("pics/sample-checklist-7.png")
background-size: contain
class: no-page-number

???
How bias in birder behaviour can affect rep.freq.  
Essentially, the kind of birds one likely to see changes depending on all the above factors.

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Methods

---
class: middle

???
Mention "peak" months

---
class: inverse, center, middle

## Did eBirder behaviour change during the pandemic?

---
class: middle

---
class: middle

---
class: middle

---
class: middle

---
background-image: url("pics/03_presentation_IOC_map.png")
background-size: contain

???
Clarify log and non-

---
background-image: url("pics/03_presentation_IOC_map-2.png")
background-size: contain

---
background-image: url("pics/03_presentation_IOC_map.png")
background-size: contain

---
class: center, middle

### What happened during lockdown?

---
class: center, middle

---
class: center, middle

---
class: center, middle

---
class: center, middle

---
class: center, middle

Birding intensity and coverage increased

Expected changes in birder behaviour

Urban birding bias

???
with no major spatial clusters

---
class: center, middle

### Implications of changes in birder behaviour?

.fancy[(... for large-scale analyses of bird abundance and distribution)]

---
class: inverse, center, middle

## Was there a visible difference in patterns of species reporting?

<br>

*If so, is it an artefact of the changes in birder behaviour, or due to changes in abundance, detectability or behaviour of birds?*

---
class: center, middle

---
class: center, middle

---
class: center, middle

---
class: center, middle

---
class: inverse, center, middle

### What does this all mean?

---
class: middle

div.end-image-1 {
content: "";
position: absolute;
top: 150px;
right: 15px;
height: 360px;
width: 360px;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
background-image: url("pics/data.gif");
}

div.end-image-2 {
content: "";
position: absolute;
top: 220px;
right: 35px;
height: 210px;
width: 350px;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
background-image: url("pics/social-distancing.gif");
}

</style>

Data quantity---completely unaffected

---
class: middle

Data quantity---completely unaffected

Data quality---slight changes due to birder behaviour

*Group birding remained low throughout*

---
class: middle

Data quantity---completely unaffected

Data quality---slight changes due to birder behaviour

*Group birding remained low throughout*

Species reporting---largely unaffected at large scale

---
class: middle

Data quantity---completely unaffected

Data quality---slight changes due to birder behaviour

*Group birding remained low throughout*

Species reporting---largely unaffected at large scale

Care to be taken with small-scale analyses

???
effect of lowered group birding is unknown and difficult to gauge
small-scale (bird graphs too); birders active again after peak

---
class: center, bottom

## eBird data still useful!

<br>

![](pics/luffy-happy.gif)

---

## Acknowledgements

div.ack-funders {
content: "";
position: absolute;
top: 45px;
right: 35px;
height: 250px;
width: 450px;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
background-image: url("pics/funders-logos.png");
}

div.ack-self-1 {
content: "";
position: absolute;
bottom: 30px;
left:   100px;
height: 100px;
width: 300px;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
background-image: url("pics/ncflogo.png");
}

div.ack-self-2 {
content: "";
position: absolute;
bottom: 30px;
left:   850px;
height: 100px;
width: 300px;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
background-image: url("pics/bcilogo.png");
}

div.ack-self-3 {
content: "";
position: absolute;
bottom: 30px;
left: 535px;
height: 100px;
width: 300px;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
background-image: url("pics/ebirdindialogo.png");
}

</style>

#### Funders

- Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies  
- Duleep Mathai Nature Conservation Trust  
- Cholamandalam Investment and Finance Co. Ltd.  
- National Centre for Biological Sciences

<br>

.center[
## Thanks to all birdwatchers and eBird editors!
]

---
class: end-slide, inverse, bottom, right

.end-slide {
background-color: var(--accent-pale);
}

.end-slide h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
}

.end-slide h4 {
  color: var(--accent);
}

</style>

.pull-left[
.middle2[
![:scale 70%](pics/peacock-line-art.png)  
.footnote[Image by Gordon Johnson ([source](https://pixabay.com/users/gdj-1086657/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=4220516))]
]
]

# Thank you!

#### Find me at...

.small[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;width:0.97em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg> [@rikudoukarthik](https://github.com/rikudoukarthik)]  
.small[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"/></svg> [@TrickDEerie](https://twitter.com/TrickDEerie)]  
.small[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z"/></svg> [kartrick.rbind.io](https://kartrick.rbind.io)]  
.small[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg> [karthik.t@ncf-india.org](mailto:karthik.t@ncf-india.org)]

.footnote[Slides made with &#10084;, <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 581 512" style="height:1em;width:1.13em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"/></svg> and [![:scale 1.5%](pics/xaringan.png)](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan)]